The aim of this study is to describe and analyze the interprovincial migrations between provinces in Iran, and its determinants, during 2006-2010. Research Methods was secondary analysis of immigration-related data, acquired mostly from the national census in 2010. The results showed the proportion of migrants/population=7/4 person in the period. Tehran, Khorasan Razavi, Isfahan, Fars and Alborz Provinces had The most percent of migrants (44%) respectively, while Ardebil, Qom, Kohgilooyeh Boyerahmad, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari, and Ilam, enjoyed the lowest percent of migrants. About 50% of emigrints allocated to Tehran, Khuzestan, Khorasan Razavi, Fars, Alborz, Isfahan and Kermanshah provinces.13 out of 31 country provinces, had a positive net immigration (to them), whiles 18 of provinces, experienced a negative net emigration (from them). In analytical review of the relationship between net migration rate and independent variables -including population growth, unemployment rate, average education years, rural/urban population, and urbanization percentage- showed that statistically, there is a significant relationship between population growth and unemployment rate, with net migration.

Introduction: Permanent or temporary migration has always been one of the most important strategies adopted by human societies and individuals in the face of ecological or man-made disasters. However, our knowledge about complex relationship between ecological change as cause and migration as effect remains limited. Migration due to drought and climatic change is one of the examples of ecological migration. Drought in Iran is one of the most important climatic hazards as its consequences are evident today in various sectors such as water resources, environment, drying of wetlands and drying of lakes in different parts of country. Monitoring of drought in the past years, can increase our understanding and awareness about climate change and drought and would improve insights, predictions and future planning. Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) is one of the most well-known and widely used index to monitor drought in any scale. Investigating the relationship between ecological factors and migration would be effective in increasing the understanding of planners and decision makers. Iran internal migration statistics in the last three decades shows that the northwestern counties of the country almost have a negative net migration rate. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to monitor drought and investigate the relationship between drought and internal migration in the northwestern of Iran (Fig. 1). Materials and Methods: In order to achieve the goal of the research, the research process was followed in two separate sections. In the first part, migration studies, raw data of the internal migration matrix in county scale were received from the Statistics Center of Iran. By processing internal migration data, the net migration rate was prepared for each of the counties in the northwestern region of the country. In the drought studies section, initially, representative synoptic stations in the study area were selected. In selecting these stations, having 30 years of continuous statistics and appropriate spatial distribution in the study area was considered. Precipitation data of selected stations were obtained from the Meteorological Organization of Iran and were initially processed. Then SPI index was calculated using Meteorological Drought Monitor (MDM) software. After that, the shapefile of the administrative areas of the study area at the county level was taken from the Ministry of Interior of Iran. Then, the values of the standard precipitation index along with the values of the net migration rate were entered into the GIS environment and attributed to the relevant counties. By using SPI values, the study area was interpolated using thiessen polygons and Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW). Then thiessen polygons were converted to raster format and then the values of each county were calculated using the majority function of the zoning statistics tool. After this phase, spatial analysis techniques were used to investigate the effect of drought on internal migration in the study area. In this regard, the existence of autocorrelation in dependent and independent variables data were first investigated using the Moran’ s I in GIS environment. Since the existence of autocorrelation and clustering pattern was evident in the data, Geographical Weight Regression in GIS environment was used to analyze the relationship between drought and internal migration. Fig 1. Location of the study area in Iran Discussion of Results: Drought Monthly SPI showed that in the past 30 years, the frequency of dry months has been the lowest in the southern areas of Lake Urmia and increased to the central areas, so that the northern part of the region has the highest frequency of dry months. Based on six-month SPI, different pattern of the drought frequencies was seen in the study area. In this regard, Urmia and Miyaneh synoptic stations had the most drought frequencies. The one-year SPI also showed that Mahabad station and surrounding areas had the lowest drought frequency (2 years). This station had a similar pattern in the monthly and six-month SPI. Among the remaining eleven stations, Ardabil, Khoy, Jolfa, and Tabriz have experienced 6 years of drought and Miyaneh, Mako, Parsabad and Maragheh have experienced 5 years and Khalkhal, Ahar and Urmia have experienced 4 years. One-year SPI revealed that the pattern of drought distribution extends from the southwest, i. e. Mahabad station, to other geographical directions. Migration In the last three decades, only 26 percent of the region's counties have had a positive net migration rate. In fact, less than one-third and 74 percent of study area counties have a negative net migration rate. The spatial pattern of distribution of counties with a positive net migration rate is mainly concentrated around Lake Urmia, and this spatial pattern is well visible in the last three decades. Relationship The overall results revealed that there is a relatively low coefficient of determination (average 21. 5 percent) between the independent and dependent variables. However, this amount of explanatory is not far from expectation because many variables are influential in decisions leading to migration and this amount of explanatory seems to be significant for the drought variable. Conclusions: Ecological migration is one of the issues that has attracted the attention of various researchers due to the extensive changes in the ecological context that made by humans and sometimes by natural processes. Drought is one of the ecological factors that can cause population movements, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Although drought is not an unfamiliar phenomenon for arid and semi-arid climates, climate change and excessive use of surface and groundwater resources have intensified its impact. Migration is affected by many factors and understanding drought as one of the migration causes is very complex. The Relationship between drought and migration in the study area indicates a significant but relatively weak relationship. This is primarily due to the nature of migration, which is influenced by various economic, social, cultural, political and environmental factors. Also, drought has several dimensions that in the present study only its climatic dimension has been studied. The SPI revealed that little drought has occurred in the study period. So weak relationship can also be due to the timely distribution of precipitation, as the region has received average precipitation, but this has not happened in the growing season. This adds to the complexity of this relationship. However, the amount obtained R2 is significant given the nature of the migration.

Theoretical models and experimental evidence demonstrate a complex. multi-dimensional and mutual relationship between education and migration. Internal migration plays an and movements in Iran. On the other hand, education has an important role in decision making and migrating. The aim of this article is to investigate the relationship between education and internal migration using the micro-(or individual-) and aggregate-level data from the 2016 census. The results indicated that the inter-county migration balance has been negative for about three-fourths of the counties between 2011 and 2016. The results also confirm that there is a positive correlation between higher education and net migration rates. However, the association between education and net migration varies in different developmental contexts.; in less developed counties, a higher proportion of highly educated population is associated with a more negative NMR. In contrast, in more developed counties, a higher proportion of highly educated population is associated with a more positive NMR. In addition, the analysis of micro-level data showed that the internal migration intensity increases with an increase in the level of educational. So that, the migration intensity is ten time larger for those with a PhD degree, compared to illiterates. In migration balance, thus, more-developed counties gain more human capital and less developed counties, on the other hand, lose their highly educated population and human capital. The continuation of this condition is expected to lead to more socio-regional inequalities.

One of the challenges of today's Iranian society is the indiscriminate emigration of low-density areas and local communities, which endangers the future stability of the entire territory. The purpose of this article is to investigate the situation of migration in rural border areas of border cities of Iran and the factors affecting this migration in 2006-2010. The research method is documentary and based on the secondary analysis of data from general population and housing censuses and other findings related to the subject under study. The findings show that in this period, about 9% of the country's population live in villages in the border areas of the country. The lowest immigration rate is for the rural areas of Dasht-e Azadegan, Shadegan and Sib-o-Soran, and the highest is for the rural areas of Abu Musa, Bushehr and Kangan. The lowest migration rate is for rural areas of Miankangi (Helmand) and Mehrestan (Zaboli) cities in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Miandorod in Mazandaran province, and the highest emigration rate is for rural areas of Bushehr, Abu Musa and Qasr Shirin counties. About 44% of the rural areas of the border cities had immigrants (net negative immigration); in contrast, 56% of these areas had migrants (net positive immigration). In rural areas of border cities, the highest average unemployment rate is for the provinces of Sistan and Baluchistan, Khuzestan, Kermanshah and Ilam, and the lowest average is for the provinces of East Azerbaijan, South Khorasan and North Khorasan. The reasons for high emigration in rural areas of border provinces include high unemployment in rural areas, unfavorable climate, limited access to basic living facilities such as education and health facilities, lack of border economic benefits for the people, and so on. The results of this study show that the border villages of the country, especially in the land / land borders are suffering from population loss. These conditions are especially evident in the rural areas of the southeast as well as the west and northwest of the country. One of the reasons for such a situation is related to regional inequalities and underdevelopment in these areas, because the border provinces of the country are among the provinces with less developed and medium development.

According to the settlement of half of the countrys population in the border provinces and their importance of security for the country, the recognition of the migration process in these provinces is important for demographic and socio-economic policy makers. Migration changes the identity and values of migrant because of its linguistic, social, cultural and psychological consequences. The aim of this paper is to investigate the trend changes and migration patterns in the border provinces of the country over the past two decades. The research method is descriptive and based on statistical analysis of census data. The results show that migration flow have been decreasing in border provinces and their dominant pattern is the increasing of out-of-provincial migrations. As well, the migration trends indicates that provinces of Khouzestan, Kermanshah, and Sistan & Baluchestan always have been the main emigrant polygons, while provinces of Bushehr, Gilan, Mazandaran and Hormozgan have been the main immigrant polygons during these years. Finally, the provinces of Ardebil, Ilam, Khouzestan, Sistan & Baluchestan, Kurdistan and Kermanshah always have been emigrants, while Bushehr and Mazandaran always have been immigrants in the past two decades. In general, due to the massive population of working age, low development level, high rates of unemployment and shortage of employment opportunities, it has been increased migration especially out-of-provincial ones in the border provinces.

Aging of manpower in agriculture sector is an important issue in the Iranian economy, and one would predict that the effect of this problem would affect the whole economy.The findings of this research indicated that the manpower aging in agriculture sector was more serious problem in comparison to other sectors, and if this trend continues. the perspective of agriculture sector would be threatened.According to the research, the share of manpower aged over 60 in total agricultural manpower was 21.1 percent in 1996; the same figure for industry and service sectors were 3.9 and 5.2 percent, respectively. This means the ratio of aging population in agriculture sector was five, and four times higher than industry and service sectors, respctively. Based on the findings, the rural-urban migration was a main reason to this trend. Reduction in productivity, food security problems, and import dependency, were found as the most common effects of manpower in agricultrure sector.

Poplars are classified as fast-growing and slightly water tolerant species which will be weakened with decreased growth in extreme moisture or drought lands. The plantation of these species in agricultural lands and at the edge of rivers and water canals has currenthy an important role in both economical and social development of rural regions. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the effect of drought and hydromorphy stresses on three species of Poplars including Populus nigra 64.13, Populus deltoides 63.51 and Populus euramericana 476. For this purpose, the cuttings of the best clones of the mentioned species as wood production in Golestan province were planted in plastic pots. Then 30 seedlings of each species for each treatment were carried to the laboratory with the same conditions and were treated with water stress (drought and hydromorphy) and one control (150 milliliters irrigation every two days) as factorial experiment. Net photosynthesis rate (NPR) was measured daily by LCA-3 continuously till the seedlings were completely dead. The variance analysis and Duncan multiple comparison of data showed that water stress caused decreasing of NPR and viability percentage of the seedlings compared with control condition. Populus euramericana was more successful in hydromorphy and drought stresses in comparison with the other species, and also more resistance to hydromorphy than drought stress from the NPR and viability point of view. Whereas, Populus deltoides and Populus nigra had more resistance to drought stress than hydromorphy.

To maintain and sustainably management the limited water resources, modeling and estimation of soil water balance needed. Soil water balance modeling examines the trend of rainfall division into runoff, evaporation, and changes in soil moisture. Since these factors are variable during the time and space, the use of a distributed model for accurate estimation and better management can be helpful. The purposes of this study are to use the SWB model based on the Thornthwaite-Mather method and to estimate the components of soil water balance and net infiltration. The depth of the root zone is considered as the control volume to calculate the net infiltration. The model, after affecting rainfall, runoff, evaporation, etc. on changes in soil moisture, calculates the maximum available Water in the root zone and by subtracting them from each other, calculates the net infiltration. The study area, Neishabour catchment area with a total area of 9157 square kilometers and cell size of 50 by 50 meters was selected. The model was implemented for four years from 79-83. The average share of evapotranspiration, runoff and infiltration for 4 years was estimated to be 288. 9, 23. 9, 42 mm, respectively which shows that the share of evapotranspiration in the region is higher than runoff and infiltration. Net infiltration and available water capacity (2/7) in cultivated lands with soil hydrological groups A and B has a higher rate in rainy years. Most of the soil in mountainous areas is part of hydrological group B with high permeability but due to the steep slope, it does not penetrate deeply and most of the rainfall flows as surface runoff. The calculated evapotranspiration was compared with the measured data. The correlation coefficient was 0. 85 which is an acceptable result.

Steel industry plays an important role in fostering development of nations. In view of Iran's efforts for joining the world trade organization (WTO) and this organization's concern for countries protection/protective structures, this study examines Iran's protection of steel industry amid its efforts for joining the WTO. In this research, net nominal rate of protection, total (NNRPT) method, a method approved by the World Bank, (Gorn. P, Hermann.R, Bankdikt. S 1993) is used.The findings show that although through its direct policies Iran protects the exportable and import competing steel industries but its indirect policies, as a whole causes this industry to remain unprotected.